Upon not being allowed to divorce his wife, king Henry VIII launched his own Protestant Reformation in England, breaking away from the Catholic Church and becoming the Church of England. Those who opposed him suffered terrible fates, anywhere from imprisonment, to execution. Those who supported the king used tactics to "encourage" those who resisted the king's authority to submit. Those tactics included looting Churches, destroying monasteries, and raising taxes on Catholics. Soon, Catholics were up in arms protesting the king. They called themselves the Pilgrimage of Grace. Concerned with their lives and beliefs after the king and his regime desecrated the Catholic lands, the Pilgrimage of Grace set out to stand up for themselves, continue practicing their beliefs, and defend their spiritual leaders.
The Pilgrimage of Grace's goal with these armed protests, and open riot was to stand up for themselves. They could not sit back and watch their land get desecrated, and their people suffer simply for being Catholic (doc 2). Many thought that resistance was the right thing to do, because they felt that the king had gone mad with power, and broke away from the Church for selfish reasons. Each member had to swear an oath to enter, they swore that they only entered because they thought it was the right thing to do (doc 1). These Catholics wanted to stick together, for fear of being locked in tho tower of London or worse. They also knew if the king got his way, they would not be permitted to stay Catholics.
Another goal of the Pilgrimage of Grace was to defend their spiritual leaders. The clergy was under constant attack from looters, and the king's men. Monasteries were destroyed, Churches were desecrated, and the clergy were imprisoned in the Tower of London (doc 11)Th. The Pilgrimage again, could not sit by and watch their spiritual leaders become imprisoned, and their spiritual icons get stolen, leading them to more protests (doc 4). They believed that these protests did not defy the king, but instead were in his favor. They were under the impression they were being good English citizens until their trials, and executions (doc 8).
The king had other goals besides his own personal gain from the Reformation in England. He wanted to have everyone live under one single religion to unify his country, and was willing to have that happen by any means necessary. He appointed Thomas Cromwell to "encourage" these rebellious Catholics to become Protestant (doc 7). The king did not care how it was done, as long as his goals were accomplished.
Both sides of this conflict have reasonable goals. On one side, the Catholics want to continue their way of life, and on the other side, the king wants to unify his country under one religion. The problem is, the Catholics saw themselves as the king's servants, and the king saw them as rebels. Most Catholics converted or they were killed. Henry accomplished his goal, but his daughter Mary tried to undo the Reformation and go back to Catholicism, bring much unrest. This conflicted until Elizabeth I unified England under a Protestant monarchy.
Monday, January 31, 2011
Mid Term DBQ Outline
Thesis: Concerned with their lives and beliefs after the king and his regime desecrated the Catholic lands, the Pilgrimage of Grace set out to stand up for themselves, continue practicing their beliefs, and defend their spiritual leaders.
I standing up for themselves
A taxes
B fear of imprisonment, or worse
C can no longer be Catholic
II Defend Spiritual leaders
A monasteries destroyed
B Churches looted
C Catholic priests forced to convert, or beheaded
III Goals of the king
A Everyone be unified under one religion
B Encouraging people to stop resisting, by any means necessary
I standing up for themselves
A taxes
B fear of imprisonment, or worse
C can no longer be Catholic
II Defend Spiritual leaders
A monasteries destroyed
B Churches looted
C Catholic priests forced to convert, or beheaded
III Goals of the king
A Everyone be unified under one religion
B Encouraging people to stop resisting, by any means necessary
Mid term, free response #4
The Protestant Reformation brought changes from its very beginnings. Nobody's life was the same anymore. Friends became enemies, and alliances were broken based on religion only. Tensions were high, and Europe was on the brink of religious wars that would last a century. The Protestant Reformation brought changes to every day life in Europe with drastic political changes, and social consequences.
Politics changed upon the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Their was an unmade alliance between Catholics against Protestants. Former allies turned into bitter enemies. Religious persecutions, and wars broke out all a cross Europe. In England, anyone who did not convert to the Church of England was sent in the Tower of London, and most likely beheaded. In France, the Huguenots, or French Protestants, were endlessly persecuted, highlighted by the Saint Batholomew's day massacre. Spain had maybe the worst religious policy of them all. They forced any non-Catholic to convert, or leave. If anyone was suspected of not being a "good Catholic," they were sent before the Inquisition, lead by Tomas de Torquemada.
Not only politics had been affected by the Protestant Reformation, but social lives had drastically changed. Friends were friends no longer. Families were divided. Protestants were always in fear of persecution. Everyone was afraid of their rulers. If they openly defied the religion of their king, it meant certain death. In Spain, if one was to merely accuse someone of not practicing Catholicism, they were brought before the Inquisition, and most of the time they were killed, even if they were falsely accused.
The pope brought about more strife in Europe more than any one country in particular. He had a goal, of making every country in Europe Catholic. He did not do this himself though. When he wanted Protestant "taken care of," he asked for the help of a good Catholic monarch. The pope effectively launched the Reformation in England when he denied Henry VIII and annulment with his marriage to Catherine of Argon. The beginning of the Reformation itself can be attributed to the pope. The Catholic Church had a large debt to pay, but His Holiness had a brilliant idea. The Church sold indulgences or a free pass into heaven. It was because of this that Martin Luther began his movement.
After it was all said and done, nothing was the same in Europe. There were constant religious wars. If the pope wanted a Protestant nation to be Catholic, he sent a Catholic to do his dirty work. Certain groups of people were divided. It was frowned upon to associate with a Protestant if you were Catholic, or a Catholic if you were Protestant. People who were not of the king's religion lived in constant fear that he would lash out on them, and had them burned at the stake, or worse. Life in Europe was not the same after the Protestant Reformation.
Politics changed upon the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Their was an unmade alliance between Catholics against Protestants. Former allies turned into bitter enemies. Religious persecutions, and wars broke out all a cross Europe. In England, anyone who did not convert to the Church of England was sent in the Tower of London, and most likely beheaded. In France, the Huguenots, or French Protestants, were endlessly persecuted, highlighted by the Saint Batholomew's day massacre. Spain had maybe the worst religious policy of them all. They forced any non-Catholic to convert, or leave. If anyone was suspected of not being a "good Catholic," they were sent before the Inquisition, lead by Tomas de Torquemada.
Not only politics had been affected by the Protestant Reformation, but social lives had drastically changed. Friends were friends no longer. Families were divided. Protestants were always in fear of persecution. Everyone was afraid of their rulers. If they openly defied the religion of their king, it meant certain death. In Spain, if one was to merely accuse someone of not practicing Catholicism, they were brought before the Inquisition, and most of the time they were killed, even if they were falsely accused.
The pope brought about more strife in Europe more than any one country in particular. He had a goal, of making every country in Europe Catholic. He did not do this himself though. When he wanted Protestant "taken care of," he asked for the help of a good Catholic monarch. The pope effectively launched the Reformation in England when he denied Henry VIII and annulment with his marriage to Catherine of Argon. The beginning of the Reformation itself can be attributed to the pope. The Catholic Church had a large debt to pay, but His Holiness had a brilliant idea. The Church sold indulgences or a free pass into heaven. It was because of this that Martin Luther began his movement.
After it was all said and done, nothing was the same in Europe. There were constant religious wars. If the pope wanted a Protestant nation to be Catholic, he sent a Catholic to do his dirty work. Certain groups of people were divided. It was frowned upon to associate with a Protestant if you were Catholic, or a Catholic if you were Protestant. People who were not of the king's religion lived in constant fear that he would lash out on them, and had them burned at the stake, or worse. Life in Europe was not the same after the Protestant Reformation.
Mid-Term, Free response, outline #4
Thesis: The Protestant Reformation brought changes to every day life in Europe with drastic political changes, and social consequences.
I Political Consequences
A Diplomatic Relations
B Alliances based on religion
C Ongoing Religious war
D Religious persecutions
2 Social Consequences
A Friends turn into enemies
B Families split in 2
C Religious persecutions
3 the pope
A wanted to turn everyone Catholic
B sent Catholic countries to fight Protestant countries
I Political Consequences
A Diplomatic Relations
B Alliances based on religion
C Ongoing Religious war
D Religious persecutions
2 Social Consequences
A Friends turn into enemies
B Families split in 2
C Religious persecutions
3 the pope
A wanted to turn everyone Catholic
B sent Catholic countries to fight Protestant countries
Mid-term, free response #2
Beginning with the Renaissance, there was much conflict over religious policies throughout Europe. Catholic countries outlawed other religions, and forced their citizens to convert. Some by harsher means than others. Spain and England were always in the middle of this heated battle, from the reconquest, up until the crushing defeat of the Spanish Armada. Although the religions of Elizabeth I of England and Isabella I of Spain were constantly at war with each other, they both had the best interest in their people thinking that the sword was not the answer,and that God should be the basis of their reign.
Elizabeth I of England was Protestant by birth, but succeeded a Catholic queen. Her sister and predecessor Mary I was raised Catholic, and known for her cruelty towards Protestants. She earned the nickname Bloody Mary for burning nearly 300 Protestants at the stake. She wanted to convert England back to Catholicism. However, when Elizabeth took the throne upon Mary's death, her first order of business was to clean up the damage done by Mary. She stopped the executions based on religion, and enforced her Protestant policies by more amicable ways. She was the center of a religious war upon the execution of her Catholic cousin, Mary Stuart. The pope saw this as the execution of God's chosen queen of England, and sent Spain in to crush Elizabeth. England defeated the Spanish, and its citizens remained loyal to the Church of England.
Spain was not always a puppet of the pope, in his scheme to have every country become Catholic. After the Spanish reconquest, Ferdinand and Isabella wanted Spain to be Catholic, and drive out the Muslims. Isabella however, did not believe in religious persecutions, and wanted Spain to tolerate other religions. Her husband Ferdinand was not so tolerant. He forced everyone in Spain to convert to Catholicism, or to leave. He even appointed Tomas de Torquemada as head of the Spanish Inquisition to bring down anyone accused of not being Catholic. Isabella was opposed to all of this, but the king had final say. Today, many want Isabella to be canonized because of her actions, and faith.
Elizabeth and Isabella's tolerance showed that they only wanted what was best for their people. Isabella did not want executions based on religion, and neither did Elizabeth. Both queens believed that people of different religions, and beliefs could live together in peace. That dream was not true. Before the end of Elizabeth's reign, Spain attacked England. To make matters worse, the pope himself convinced Phillip I, the king of Spain at the time, to attack England because of the execution of a Catholic with a tie to the throne.
Both had similar policies. Even though they were of different religion, they wanted the persecutions to stop. Neither believed in burning at the stake, and opposed an Inquisition to bring people to trial for religious beliefs. Isabella and Elizabeth were both generally tolerant towards other religions, and their neighbors. However, what Elizabeth said, is what happened, and it was not so for Isabella. Isabella had a husband who had other ideas, and Elizabeth was single.
Elizabeth I of England was Protestant by birth, but succeeded a Catholic queen. Her sister and predecessor Mary I was raised Catholic, and known for her cruelty towards Protestants. She earned the nickname Bloody Mary for burning nearly 300 Protestants at the stake. She wanted to convert England back to Catholicism. However, when Elizabeth took the throne upon Mary's death, her first order of business was to clean up the damage done by Mary. She stopped the executions based on religion, and enforced her Protestant policies by more amicable ways. She was the center of a religious war upon the execution of her Catholic cousin, Mary Stuart. The pope saw this as the execution of God's chosen queen of England, and sent Spain in to crush Elizabeth. England defeated the Spanish, and its citizens remained loyal to the Church of England.
Spain was not always a puppet of the pope, in his scheme to have every country become Catholic. After the Spanish reconquest, Ferdinand and Isabella wanted Spain to be Catholic, and drive out the Muslims. Isabella however, did not believe in religious persecutions, and wanted Spain to tolerate other religions. Her husband Ferdinand was not so tolerant. He forced everyone in Spain to convert to Catholicism, or to leave. He even appointed Tomas de Torquemada as head of the Spanish Inquisition to bring down anyone accused of not being Catholic. Isabella was opposed to all of this, but the king had final say. Today, many want Isabella to be canonized because of her actions, and faith.
Elizabeth and Isabella's tolerance showed that they only wanted what was best for their people. Isabella did not want executions based on religion, and neither did Elizabeth. Both queens believed that people of different religions, and beliefs could live together in peace. That dream was not true. Before the end of Elizabeth's reign, Spain attacked England. To make matters worse, the pope himself convinced Phillip I, the king of Spain at the time, to attack England because of the execution of a Catholic with a tie to the throne.
Both had similar policies. Even though they were of different religion, they wanted the persecutions to stop. Neither believed in burning at the stake, and opposed an Inquisition to bring people to trial for religious beliefs. Isabella and Elizabeth were both generally tolerant towards other religions, and their neighbors. However, what Elizabeth said, is what happened, and it was not so for Isabella. Isabella had a husband who had other ideas, and Elizabeth was single.
Mid-term Free response, #2 outline
Thesis: Although the religions of Elizabeth and Isabella were constantly at war with each other, they both had the best interest in their people thinking that the sword was not the answer,and that God should be the basis of their reign
I Elizabeth
A Protestant
B Stopped her sister's persecutions
C Few religious executions
II Isabella
A Drove Muslims out of Spain
B opposed Inquisition
C Some want her to be a Catholic saint
III Similarities and differences
A Different religion
B Opposed religious persecution
1 Ferdinand overruled Isabella
2 No man to overrule Elizabeth
On my honor I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this graded academic work.
Alex Schroeder
I Elizabeth
A Protestant
B Stopped her sister's persecutions
C Few religious executions
II Isabella
A Drove Muslims out of Spain
B opposed Inquisition
C Some want her to be a Catholic saint
III Similarities and differences
A Different religion
B Opposed religious persecution
1 Ferdinand overruled Isabella
2 No man to overrule Elizabeth
On my honor I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this graded academic work.
Alex Schroeder
Friday, January 14, 2011
1/14 DBQ
Scientists reemerged during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the Renaissance. However, most of their findings did not agree with the beliefs of the Church. The teachings of the Church were widely accepted throughout Europe. Those who defied them were heretics. Scientists were seen as heretics. However there was more than religious conflict. There were social and political conflicts as well. At the time, science was a focal point of religious, social, and political controversies that affected every aspect of the life of a scientist.
Scientists affected modern religion, going against accepted teachings. If a scientists theory was found as heresy by the Church, they were forced to change their theory, or they were excommunicated. They Church could not prevent them from their discoveries, but the influence of the most powerful figures sometimes could make them take it back (doc 1, doc 5). These beliefs of modern astronomers put them at odds with the Church. Often there was dispute about this issue. Scientists wanted to learn more, because there was no limit with astronomy. However, it compromised God's power (doc 2).
Politically, some rulers felt threatened by these modern scientists, and their teaching. After all... it was God's will for them to rule. Rulers go of on Holy Wars as if it was God's will. Their glory is always attributed to God. If God's power is compromised, Then the people will start to doubt their ruler (doc 12). Many political figures did not want, or agree with the scientists at all. They were under the impression that science was a dying breed, making no more progress than it had the past thousand years (doc 4). Those who believed in such saw it as God's will. Other rulers saw it as a way to advance in society. Those rulers saw it as a way to increase their income, and their own personal chests (doc 11).
Socially, scientists met two different worlds. On one hand, many accepted them, and they lived as normal people in the social eye. On the other hand, many people thought of them as blasphemous, and wanted them treated as heretics. Gender wars also played a part. There were no women allowed to be scientists. Science was barely accepted if he was a man, but if the scientist was a woman, there would be no such thing (doc 9). Having a normal friendship with a learned scientist was seen as a ticket to knowledge. It was the thing to have at the time. These people wanted science to be introduced to their children, so that they could be as intelligent as the scientists (doc 6). Others saw it as a simple choice of conscience. They thought, yes, science is great, but we don't need it. A man does not need to know astronomy to become a successful banker. A man does not need to know about the solar system to be a doctor (doc 7). They saw it as a luxury to some, unneeded by everyone.
Everything scientists did in their lives was affected by their profession. They were always recognized by what they were, not who they were. The Church did not care. It went against their teachings. They excommunicated many scientists, and had them revoke their theories. Politically, rulers of Catholic countries agreed with the Church. However, science was accepted by others. Socially, science had its there were good and bad perks of being a man of science. Men of God agreed with the Church, but those who were interested in learning, and advancing in society were amiable to the scientists.
Scientists affected modern religion, going against accepted teachings. If a scientists theory was found as heresy by the Church, they were forced to change their theory, or they were excommunicated. They Church could not prevent them from their discoveries, but the influence of the most powerful figures sometimes could make them take it back (doc 1, doc 5). These beliefs of modern astronomers put them at odds with the Church. Often there was dispute about this issue. Scientists wanted to learn more, because there was no limit with astronomy. However, it compromised God's power (doc 2).
Politically, some rulers felt threatened by these modern scientists, and their teaching. After all... it was God's will for them to rule. Rulers go of on Holy Wars as if it was God's will. Their glory is always attributed to God. If God's power is compromised, Then the people will start to doubt their ruler (doc 12). Many political figures did not want, or agree with the scientists at all. They were under the impression that science was a dying breed, making no more progress than it had the past thousand years (doc 4). Those who believed in such saw it as God's will. Other rulers saw it as a way to advance in society. Those rulers saw it as a way to increase their income, and their own personal chests (doc 11).
Socially, scientists met two different worlds. On one hand, many accepted them, and they lived as normal people in the social eye. On the other hand, many people thought of them as blasphemous, and wanted them treated as heretics. Gender wars also played a part. There were no women allowed to be scientists. Science was barely accepted if he was a man, but if the scientist was a woman, there would be no such thing (doc 9). Having a normal friendship with a learned scientist was seen as a ticket to knowledge. It was the thing to have at the time. These people wanted science to be introduced to their children, so that they could be as intelligent as the scientists (doc 6). Others saw it as a simple choice of conscience. They thought, yes, science is great, but we don't need it. A man does not need to know astronomy to become a successful banker. A man does not need to know about the solar system to be a doctor (doc 7). They saw it as a luxury to some, unneeded by everyone.
Everything scientists did in their lives was affected by their profession. They were always recognized by what they were, not who they were. The Church did not care. It went against their teachings. They excommunicated many scientists, and had them revoke their theories. Politically, rulers of Catholic countries agreed with the Church. However, science was accepted by others. Socially, science had its there were good and bad perks of being a man of science. Men of God agreed with the Church, but those who were interested in learning, and advancing in society were amiable to the scientists.
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